Milk/Lactalbumin Clarifies wine and removes sediment. Nitrogen Used as a preservative. Oak Chips Improves wine flavor. Ovalbumin (egg whites) Clarifies wine and removes sediment. Pectolytics Enzymes that assist in the breakdown of pectin into pectic acid and methanol during fermentation. This tends to help clarify the wine. Polyvinyl-Polypyr-Rolidone Modifies the color of wine and reduces tannins. Potassium Bicarbonate Reduces acidity. Potassium Bitartrate Stabilizes and prevents sedimentation. Potassium Carbonate Reduces the acidity of wine down to acid levels of 5 grams per liter only. Potassium Caseinate Clarifies and removes sediment. Potassium Metabisulphite Inhibits bacteria and can be used as a preservative. Potassium Sorbate Inhibits bacteria and, when used with potassium and copper sulfites, it also functions as a preservative. Protease An enzyme that kills some bacterial agents and makes wine less heat-sensitive and less likely to produce sediment. Saccharose Increases sugar levels of wine. Not allowed in every U.S. state. Silicon Dioxide Filters and fines wine. Sorbic Acid Used as a preservative. Soy Flour Feeds yeast to increase and promote secondary fermentation. Sulfur Dioxide A preservative and anti-bacterial agent. Tartaric Acid Boosts acidity of wine. Thiamine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B) Feeds yeast to help finish fermentation. Urease Anenzyme used to reduce sediment. Velcorin A microbial control agent. Water/H20 Reduces alcohol levels and acidity. Not allowed in all U.S. states. Yeast Converts sugar from grapes into alcohol. Yeast Cell Walls During red wine production pieces of yeast cell walls absorb anthocyanins (compounds that taste bitter) to make the wine smoother.
For example, Dimethyl Dicarbonate (DMDC), also called Velcorin, is a stabilizer some producers add to wine in order to control fermentation. DMDC is strongly toxic to humans in its raw form.